लोक प्रशासन की प्रकृति
लोक प्रशासन की प्रकृति के बारे में दो विचार हैं, अर्थात्, अभिन्न और प्रबंधकीय।
अभिन्न दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार, ’प्रशासन’ उन सभी गतिविधियों – मैनुअल, लिपिक, प्रबंधकीय आदि का कुल योग है, जो संगठन के उद्देश्यों को पूरा करने के लिए किए जाते हैं। इस दृष्टि से, सरकार के अधिकारियों के कार्यवाहक से लेकर सचिवों तक की सरकार और राज्य के प्रमुख लोक प्रशासन का गठन करते हैं। हेनरी फेयोल और एल.डी. व्हाइट इस दृष्टिकोण के समर्थक हैं।
प्रशासन के प्रबंधकीय दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार, लोक प्रशासन की योजना, आयोजन, कमान, समन्वय और नियंत्रण में शामिल लोगों की प्रबंधकीय गतिविधियाँ लोक प्रशासन का गठन करती हैं। यह दृष्टिकोण प्रशासन को चीजों को प्राप्त करने और चीजों को नहीं करने के रूप में मानता है। लुथर गुलिक, हर्बर्ट साइमन, स्मिथबर्ग और थॉम्पसन इस दृष्टिकोण के समर्थक हैं। प्रबंधकीय दृष्टिकोण गैर-प्रबंधकीय गतिविधियों जैसे मैनुअल, लिपिक और तकनीकी गतिविधियों से लोक प्रशासन को बाहर करता है।
दो दृष्टिकोण कई मायनों में एक दूसरे से भिन्न होते हैं। प्रो. एम.पी. शर्मा के अनुसार दो विचारों के बीच का अंतर मौलिक है। अभिन्न दृष्टिकोण में प्रशासन में लगे सभी व्यक्तियों की गतिविधियां शामिल हैं जबकि प्रबंधकीय दृष्टिकोण केवल कुछ व्यक्तियों की गतिविधियों में ही शीर्ष पर है। अभिन्न दृश्य में मैनुअल से लेकर प्रबंधकीय तक सभी प्रकार की गतिविधियों को गैर-तकनीकी से तकनीकी तक दर्शाया गया है जबकि प्रबंधकीय दृश्य किसी संगठन में केवल प्रबंधकीय गतिविधियों को ध्यान में रखता है। इसके अलावा, प्रशासन, अभिन्न दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार विषय वस्तु के आधार पर एक क्षेत्र से दूसरे में भिन्न होगा, लेकिन जबकि प्रबंधकीय दृष्टिकोण के अनुसार ऐसा नहीं होगा क्योंकि प्रबंधकीय दृश्य की पहचान प्रशासन के प्रबंधकीय तकनीकों के क्षेत्र से की जाती है ।
दो विचारों के बीच का अंतर प्रबंधन और संचालन के बीच के अंतर से संबंधित है या हम चीजों को करने और काम करने के बीच कह सकते हैं। हालांकि, प्रशासन शब्द का सही अर्थ उस संदर्भ पर निर्भर करता है जिसमें इसका उपयोग किया जाता है। डिमॉक, डिमॉक और कोएनिंग निम्नलिखित शब्दों में योग करते हैं:
“एक अध्ययन के रूप में लोक प्रशासन कानूनों के निर्वहन और सार्वजनिक नीति को प्रभावी बनाने के लिए सरकार के प्रयासों के हर पहलू की जांच करता है; एक प्रक्रिया के रूप में, यह उस समय के बीच उठाए गए सभी कदम हैं, जो प्रवर्तन एजेंसी के अधिकार क्षेत्र को मानती है और अंतिम विराम रखा जाता है (लेकिन इसमें उस एजेंसी की भागीदारी भी शामिल है, यदि कोई हो, तो कार्यक्रम के निर्माण में) और एक व्यवसाय के रूप में, यह एक सार्वजनिक एजेंसी में दूसरों की गतिविधियों का आयोजन और निर्देशन कर रहा है। “
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