by संगठन का अर्थ
प्रशासन एक सामान्य उद्देश्य की खोज में लोगों के एक समूह का एक सहकारी प्रयास है। यह आवश्यक है कि वांछित लक्ष्यों को प्राप्त करने के लिए इस समूह का आयोजन किया जाना चाहिए। दूसरे शब्दों में, संगठन प्रशासन का एक अनिवार्य तत्व है। यह परिभाषित उद्देश्य की सिद्धि के लिए पुरुषों, सामग्री और धन के उचित उपयोग की सुविधा प्रदान करता है। इसलिए, संगठन के बिना कोई प्रशासन नहीं हो सकता है। डिमॉक ने कहा, “संगठन एक मूल उपकरण है जिसके माध्यम से प्रशासनिक प्रक्रिया को संचालित किया जाता है”। इसलिए संगठन हर प्रशासनिक कार्रवाई से पहले है, क्योंकि बिना संगठन के कोई प्रशासनिक कार्रवाई लागू नहीं की जा सकती है।
संगठन शब्द का उपयोग कम से कम तीन अलग-अलग अर्थों में किया जाता है:
- प्रशासनिक संरचना को डिजाइन करने का कार्य,
- संरचना का डिजाइन और निर्माण दोनों, अर्थात्, संरचना की योजना बनाना और इसके लिए उपयुक्त कर्मियों को नियुक्त करना, और
- परिणामी प्रशासनिक संरचना
‘संगठन’, “अंतर-निर्भर भागों को जोड़ने का कार्य है ताकि प्रत्येक का एक विशेष कार्य, कार्य, कार्यालय या संपूर्ण संबंध हो”।
एल डी. व्हाइट के शब्दों में, “संगठन कार्यों और जिम्मेदारियों के आवंटन के माध्यम से कुछ सहमत उद्देश्य की उपलब्धि की सुविधा के लिए कर्मियों की एक व्यवस्था है”।
नव लोक प्रशासन
फिफ्नर के अनुसार, “संगठन में व्यक्ति से व्यक्ति के संबंध और समूह से समूह होते हैं, जो कि श्रम के एक व्यवस्थित विभाजन को लाने के लिए संबंधित होते हैं”।
लूथर गुलिक के अनुसार, “संगठन प्राधिकरण की औपचारिक संरचना है जिसके माध्यम से कार्य उप-विभाग को परिभाषित उद्देश्य के लिए व्यवस्थित, परिभाषित और समन्वित किया जाता है”।
मिलवर्ड की राय में, “संगठन संरचना अंतर-संबंधित पदों का एक पैटर्न है जो प्रत्यायोजित प्राधिकरण की लाइन से जुड़ा हुआ है”।
ग्लेडेन के अनुसार, “संगठन एक उद्यम में व्यक्तियों के बीच संबंध के पैटर्न से संबंधित है, इसलिए उद्यमी के कार्य को पूरा करने के लिए इसका निर्माण किया गया है”।
आदिवासी समाज में विभाजन की लहर
संगठन के विशेषता
निकोलस हेनरी ने निम्नलिखित तरीके से संगठन की विशेषताओं को संक्षेप में प्रस्तुत किया है:
- वे उद्देश्यपूर्ण, जटिल मानवीय गतिविधियाँ हैं
- वे माध्यमिक संबंध द्वारा विशेषता हैं
- उनके पास विशिष्ट और सीमित लक्ष्य हैं
- उन्हें निरंतर सहकारी गतिविधि की विशेषता है
- वे एक बड़ी सामाजिक प्रणाली के भीतर एकीकृत हैं
- वे अपने वातावरण को सेवा और उत्पाद प्रदान करते हैं
- वे अपने पर्यावरण के साथ आदान-प्रदान पर निर्भर हैं।
एल. डी. व्हाइट के अनुसार, एक संगठन में तीन प्राथमिक तत्व होते हैं। व्यक्तियों, संयुक्त प्रयास, और एक सामान्य उद्देश्य।
पुराने दिनों में, संगठन सरल था क्योंकि मानव समाज अपने आदिम चरण में था। पुराने सरल संगठनों में संबंध पैटर्न आज जो था उससे अलग था। काम के कई कारक हैं जिन्होंने आधुनिक संगठनों की जटिलता को प्रभावित और जोड़ा है। वे शामिल हैं (i) हमारे सामाजिक दर्शन और नीतियों में व्यक्ति की मुक्ति; (ii) मानव सहयोग की प्रकृति की नई समझ का विकास; (iii) संगठन के लक्ष्यों की व्यापक सीमा; (iv) कार्य विशेषज्ञता की ओर आंदोलन।
यह महत्वपूर्ण है कि संगठन सामाजिक संस्थाएं हैं और जैसे, वे किसी भी सामाजिक जीवों के समान प्रभाव, दबाव, पूर्वाग्रहों और पूर्वाग्रहों के अधीन हैं।
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