प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय
प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय प्रशासनिक तकनीकों का नवीनतम जोड़ है। प्रशासनिक समायोजन का अर्थ है किसी प्रशासनिक विभाग या एजेंसी द्वारा न्यायिक या अर्धसैनिक प्रकृति के प्रश्नों का निर्धारण। एक नियमित अदालत की तरह, प्रशासनिक निकाय पक्ष सुनते हैं, साक्ष्य जुटाते हैं और उन मामलों में फैसला सुनाते हैं जिनमें कानूनी अधिकार या कर्तव्य शामिल होते हैं।
एल. डी. व्हाइट के शब्दों में, “प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णयण का अर्थ है किसी प्रशासनिक एजेंसी द्वारा कानून और तथ्य के आधार पर निजी पक्ष से जुड़े विवाद की जाँच और निपटारा।”
प्रो. डिमोक प्रशासनिक प्रक्रिया को उस प्रक्रिया के रूप में परिभाषित करते हैं, जिसके द्वारा प्रशासनिक एजेंसियां अपने काम के दौरान उत्पन्न होने वाले मुद्दों का निपटारा करती हैं जब कानूनी अधिकार सवाल में होते हैं।
प्रत्यायोजित कानून के लाभ और दोष
ब्लाचली और ओटमैन प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण या प्रशासनिक न्यायालयों का वर्णन करते हैं, “सामान्य अदालत प्रणाली के बाहर के अधिकारी जो कानूनों की व्याख्या करते हैं और लागू करते हैं जब सार्वजनिक प्रशासन के कार्यों को औपचारिक सूट या अन्य स्थापित तरीकों से हमला किया जाता है।
प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय के लिए एजेंसियों में शामिल हो सकते हैं – (i) मंत्री; (ii) विभाग का प्रमुख (स्थायी); (iii) एक मंत्री न्यायाधिकरण; (iv) एक विशेष समिति या आयोग जैसे स्वतंत्र नियामक आयोग; (v) कानून की विशेष अदालतें; (vi) एकल सदस्य न्यायाधिकरण; (vii) समग्र न्यायाधिकरण।
न्यायालयों द्वारा प्रशासनिक न्याय और प्रशासन के बीच अंतर का मुख्य बिंदु यह है कि प्रशासनिक न्यायालयों द्वारा नियमित न्यायालयों के बजाय प्रशासनिक न्याय का प्रशासन किया जाता है। प्रशासनिक अदालतें कानून और सबूत के सिद्धांतों का पालन करती हैं। प्रशासनिक अदालतें कार्यकारी शाखा से संबंधित अधिकारियों द्वारा संचालित की जाती हैं, जबकि न्यायाधीश कार्यपालिका नियंत्रण से स्वतंत्र न्यायपालिका के सदस्य होते हैं।
प्रशासनिक समायोजन के प्रकार
प्रशासनिक निर्णय निम्नलिखित रूप ले सकते हैं:
- सलाहकार प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय जिसका अर्थ है कि अंतिम निर्णय की शक्ति विभाग या अन्य प्राधिकरण के प्रमुख में निहित है
- प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय एक प्रशासनिक अधिकारी के नियमित कार्यों का एक हिस्सा हो सकता है।
- प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय को एक विधायी प्रशासनिक प्रक्रिया के साथ जोड़ा जा सकता है।
- प्रशासनिक निर्णय के विरूद्ध नियमित मुकदमा भरा जा सकता है।
- दावों के निपटारे के लिए प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय अपनाया जा सकता है।
- प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय कभी-कभी एक प्रशासनिक अधिनियम के प्रदर्शन से पहले की स्थिति के रूप में कार्य कर सकता है।
प्रशासनिक अनुकूलन की वृद्धि के कारण
निम्नलिखित कारणों से प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय की वृद्धि हुई है:
(i). कल्याणकारी राज्य का एक उप-उत्पाद
प्रशासनिक न्याय प्रदान करने वाले प्रशासनिक न्यायाधिकरण कल्याणकारी राज्य के उत्पाद के आधार पर गठित होते हैं। कल्याणकारी राज्य के उद्भव के साथ, व्यक्तिगत हितों पर सामाजिक हित को वरीयता दी जाने लगी। मौजूदा न्यायपालिका नई व्यवस्था को बनाए रखने में विफल रही। नई सामाजिक व्यवस्था के अनुकूल प्रशासनिक व्यवधान की नई प्रणाली एक कल्याणकारी राज्य द्वारा जासूसी करती है। यह सामाजिक नीति और कानून को लागू करने के लिए एक संभावित साधन साबित हुआ।
(ii). औद्योगिक और शहरीकृत सोसायटी के लिए उपयुक्त है
प्रशासनिक अधिनिर्णय आधुनिक औद्योगिक और शहरीकृत समाज पर भी निर्भर करता है। औद्योगीकृत समाज को सकारात्मक और त्वरित कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता होती है जो कि संभव है यदि नए आदेश से उत्पन्न समस्याएं सामान्य अदालतों की दया पर नहीं छोड़ी जाती हैं।
शब्दों की शक्ति
(iii). सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित की जाए
स्थितियों की एक अच्छी संख्या है जैसे कि त्वरित और दृढ़ कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता होती है अन्यथा लोगों की स्वास्थ्य और सुरक्षा खतरे में पड़ सकती है। इस तरह के मामले, अगर कानून की सामान्य अदालतों में निपटाए जाते हैं, तो इससे राज्य के खजाने को भारी नुकसान होता है और विदेशी सेना को कम नुकसान होता है।
(iv). आचरण के मानकों को तैयार किया जाना है
साधारण न्यायालयों का मुख्य व्यवसाय विवादों का निपटारा करना है न कि मानवीय व्यवहार के मानक निर्धारित करना। यह विधायिका के लिए ऐसे मानकों को निर्धारित करने के लिए है। विधायिका सटीक विवरणों में आचरण की पद्धति का वर्णन करने की स्थिति में नहीं है। यह शक्ति विधायिका द्वारा प्रशासन को सौंप दी जाती है। इन मानकों के प्रवर्तन से उत्पन्न होने वाले विवादों को अकेले प्रशासनिक न्यायालयों द्वारा उचित रूप से निपटाया जा सकता है।
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