संघीय कार्यपालिका: राष्ट्रपति
संघीय कार्यपालिका: राष्ट्रपति
संघीय कार्यपालिका राष्ट्रपति और मंत्रीपरिषद् से मिलकर बनी है।
संसदीय सरकार में राष्ट्रपति संवैधानिक/कार्यपालिका अध्यक्ष/प्रमुख होता है।
अनुच्छेद 52 के अनुसार भारत का एक राष्ट्रपति होगा।
अनुच्छेद 53 के अनुसार संघयी कार्यपालिका की सभी शक्तियाँ राष्ट्रपति में निहित है, इनका प्रयोग संविधान के अनुसर या तो राष्ट्रपति स्वयं करता है या उसके नाम से अधीनस्थ पदाधिकारी करते है।
संविधान के अनुच्छेद 54 और 55 में राष्ट्रपति के चुनाव का उल्लेख किया गया है।
अनुच्छेद 54 के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति का निर्वाचन
संसद के दोनों सदनों के निर्वाचित सदस्य तथा
राज्यों के विधानसभाओं के निर्वाचित सदस्य
अनुच्छेद 55 के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति का निर्वाचन समानुपातिक प्रतिनिधित्व प्रणाली और एकल संक्रमणीय मत पद्धति के द्वारा होता है।
अनुच्छेद 56 (1) (ग) के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति अपने पद की समाप्ति के बाद भी वह पद पर तब तक बना रहेगा जब तक उसका उतराधिकारी पर ग्रहण नहीं कर लेता।
अनुच्छेद 57 के अनुसार संविधान के अन्य प्रावधानों के अधीन रहने वाले व्यक्ति, जो राष्ट्रपति के रूप में पद धारण करते हैं या पद पर रहते हैं, उस कार्यालय के लिए फिर से चुनाव के लिए पात्र होंगे।
भारत का राष्ट्रपति अप्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचित द्वारा चुना जाता है, प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचन द्वारा नहीं।
अनुच्छेद 58 अनुसार राष्ट्रपति पद के चुनाव के लिए कोई भी व्यक्ति योग्य होगा यदि वह जो-
भारत का नागरिक ।
वह 35 वर्ष की आयु पूरी कर चूका हो।
लोकसभा के लिए सदस्य निर्वाचन होने की अर्हता रखता को अर्थात उसका नाम किसी संसदीय निर्वाचक-मण्डल में मतदाता के रूप में पंजीकृत होना चाहिए।
राष्ट्रपति संसद के दोनों सदनों तथा राज्य विधानमण्डल का सदस्य नहीं हो सकता।
अनुच्छेद 58 (2) की व्याख्य के अनुसार भारत संघ के राष्ट्रपति या उपराष्ट्रपति अथवा किसी राज्य के राज्यपाल अथवा संघ-राज्यों के मन्त्रियों के पदों को लाभ का पद न मानते हुए उन्हें राष्ट्रपति निर्वाचन में उम्मीदवार के लिए योग्य माना गया है।
राष्ट्रपति उम्मीदवार के लिए निर्वाचन मण्डल के 50 सदस्य ‘प्रस्तावक’ रूप में तथा 50 सदस्य ‘अनुमोदक’ के रूप में आवश्यक मने जाते है।
विकास प्रशासन और प्रशासनिक विकास में सम्बन्ध
- अनुच्छेद 59 के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति की उपलब्धियाँ और भते उसके कार्यकाल में घटाए नहीं जा सकते।
- संविधान के अनुच्छेद 61 में राष्ट्रपति पर महाभियोग लगाने की प्रक्रिया का उल्लेख है।
- राष्ट्रपति पर महाभियोग की प्रक्रिया संसद के किसी भी सदन में आरम्भ की जा सकती है।
- राष्ट्रपति पर महाभियोग की प्रक्रिया का संकल्प प्रस्तावित करने के पूर्व 14 दिन की स्पष्ट लिखित सूचना देना आवश्यक है।
- महाभियोग के प्रस्ताव को सदन की कुल सदस्य-संख्या के कम से कम दो – तिहाई बहुमत द्वारा पारित होना चाहिए।
- राष्ट्रपति पर दीवानी कारवाई की जा सकती है, लेकिन इस आशय की लिखित सूचना दो माह पूर्व देनी होगी।
- संसद की वास्तविक शक्ति मंत्रीपरिषद् में निहित होती है जिसका प्रधान प्रधानमंत्री होता है।
- संविधान के अनुच्छेद 74 के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति संघ की कार्यपालिका शक्ति के संचालन में सहयोग देने के लिए मंत्रीपरिषद् गठन करता है।
- 1976 में 42वें संविधान द्वारा अनुच्छेद 74 (1) का संशोधन करके स्थिति स्पष्ट कर दी गई कि “ राष्ट्रपति को सहायता तथा परामर्श देने के लिए एक मंत्रीपरिषद् होगी जिसका प्रधान प्रधानमंत्री होगा और राष्ट्रपति अपने कृत्यों का प्रयोग करने में इनके परामर्श के अनुसार कार्य करेगा”
- संविधान के अनुच्छेद 77 के अनुसार भारत सरकार के समस्त प्रशास्सन सम्बन्धी पदाधिकारियों द्वारा कर सकता है।
- अनुच्छेद 77 (1) के अनुसार भारत सरकार की समस्त कार्यपालिका करवाई राष्ट्रपति के नाम से की हुई कही जाएगी।
- अनुच्छेद 77 (3) के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति भारत सरकार का कार्य अधिक सुविधापूर्वक किए जाने के लिए और मंत्रियों में उक्त कार्य के आवंटन के लिए नियम बनाएगा।
- अनुच्छेद 78 के अनुसार प्रधानमंत्री का यह कर्तव्य है कि वह राष्ट्रपति को मंत्रीमंडल के संघयी प्रशासन एवं व्यवस्थापन सम्बन्धी प्रस्ताव की सूचना दे।
- संविधान के अनुच्छेद 79 के अनुसार राष्ट्रपति संसद का अभिन्न अंग है।
- राष्ट्रपति को संसद उसे अविश्वास प्रस्ताव द्वारा पदच्युत कर सकती है।
- राष्ट्रपति स्वेच्छा से 5 वर्ष के पूर्व उपराष्ट्रपति को त्यागपत्र देकर पदमुक्त हो सकता है।
- अपने कार्यो के लिए राष्ट्रपति व्यक्तिगत रूप से उतरदायी नहीं है।
- राष्ट्रपति तीनों सेनाओं का सेनापति होता है।
- राष्ट्रपति को ऐसी सरकार को बर्खास्त करने का अधिकार है जो लोकसभा का बहुमत खो देने के बावजूद त्यागपत्र देने को राजी नहीं है।
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